The effects of violence on women are not the same in conflict areas across the globe. Knowing the interconnectedness of social categories like race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and disability – a notion known as intersectionality, is essential to comprehending the particular difficulties marginalized women encounter.
In conflict zones, women from racial and ethnic minorities often bear a disproportionate burden of violence. According to a report by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), women from minority groups are more likely to face sexual violence, forced displacement, and limited access to essential services during conflicts. For instance, in the Rohingya crisis, minority women experienced sexual violence as a tool of ethnic cleansing.
Conflict intensifies existing socioeconomic disparities, affecting marginalized women more severely. The ICRC notes that economically disadvantaged women face higher risks of violence in conflict settings. Limited access to resources and economic opportunities exacerbates their vulnerability, creating challenges to break free from cycles of poverty and violence.
“Limited access to resources and economic opportunities exacerbates the vulnerability of women and girls, creating challenges to break free from cycles of poverty and violence.”
Women with disabilities encounter unique challenges during conflicts. WHO highlights that they face an elevated risk of violence and encounter difficulties in accessing essential services and evacuation mechanisms. Conflicts disproportionately impact their ability to move, communicate, and seek help, intensifying their vulnerability.
Conflict-induced displacement is a critical concern for marginalized women. The IDMC estimates that over 40 million people were internally displaced in 2020 due to conflict and violence. Displaced women, particularly from marginalized communities, confront challenges in accessing healthcare services, contributing to higher maternal mortality rates and increased risks of sexual violence.
Indigenous women face distinct challenges in conflicts related to land and resource disputes. Studies by IWGIA indicate that they are disproportionately affected by displacement and violence when their communities’ lands are contested, further marginalizing an already vulnerable group.
Conflict amplifies the prevalence of child marriage, disproportionately impacting young girls. Girls Not Brides reports that an estimated 12 million girls marry before the age of 18 annually, with conflict zones experiencing higher rates. Child marriage exposes young girls to increased risks of domestic violence, early pregnancies, and limited educational opportunities.
Addressing these challenges requires an intersectional approach that recognizes the layered experiences of marginalized women. Policies and interventions must be nuanced, considering the diversity of their circumstances. Targeted support programs, culturally sensitive healthcare services, and inclusive peacebuilding initiatives are crucial to meeting the specific needs of marginalized women in conflict and post-conflict situations. It is a call to action for policymakers, non-governmental organizations, and the international community. Development of comprehensive and inclusive policies to empower and protect all women in conflict-affected areas, regardless of socioeconomic, ethnic, or impairment status is essential.